July 9th in History

• 455 – Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
• 869 – A magnitude 8.6M_s earthquake and subsequent tsunami strikes the the area around Sendai in the northern part of Honshu, Japan.
• 1357 – Emperor Charles IV assists in laying the foundation stone of Charles Bridge in Prague.
• 1386 – The Old Swiss Confederacy makes great strides in establishing control over its territory by soundly defeating the Archduchy of Austria in the Battle of Sempach.
• 1540 – King Henry VIII of England annuls his marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.
• 1572 – Nineteen Catholics suffer martyrdom for their beliefs in the Dutch town of Gorkum.
• 1701 – War of the Spanish Succession: Austrians defeat France in the Battle of Carpi.
• 1745 – War of the Austrian Succession: French victory in the Battle of Melle allows them to capture Ghent in the days after.
• 1755 – French and Indian War: Braddock Expedition – British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat by French and Native American forces.
• 1789 – In Versailles, the National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly and begins preparations for a French constitution.
• 1790 – Russo-Swedish War: Second Battle of Svensksund – in the Baltic Sea, the Swedish Navy captures one third of the Russian fleet.
• 1793 – The Act Against Slavery is passed in Upper Canada and the importation of slaves into Lower Canada is prohibited.
• 1807 – The Treaties of Tilsit are signed by Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia.
• 1810 – Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland as part of the First French Empire.
• 1811 – Explorer David Thompson posts a sign at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake Rivers (in modern Washington state, US), claiming the land for the United Kingdom.
• 1815 – Talleyrand becomes the first Prime Minister of France.
• 1816 – Argentina declares independence from Spain.
• 1821 – 470 prominent Cypriots including Archbishop Kyprianos are executed in response to Cypriot aid to the Greek War of Independence
• 1850 – U.S. President Zachary Taylor dies and Millard Fillmore becomes the 13th President of the United States.
• 1850 – The Persian prophet Báb is executed in Tabriz, Persia.
• 1863 – American Civil War: the Siege of Port Hudson ends.
• 1868 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law.
• 1875 – Outbreak of the Herzegovina Uprising against Ottoman rule, which would last until 1878 and have far-reaching implications throughout the Balkans
• 1877 – The inaugural Wimbledon Championships opens.
• 1900 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom gives royal assent to an Act creating the Commonwealth of Australia thus uniting separate colonies on the continent under one federal government.
• 1900 – Boxer Rebellion: The Governor of Shanxi province in North China orders the execution of 45 foreign Christian missionaries and local church members, including children.
• 1918 – Great train wreck of 1918: in Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides with an outbound express killing 101 and injuring 171 people, making it the deadliest rail accident in United States history.
• 1922 – Johnny Weissmuller swims the 100 meters freestyle in 58.6 seconds breaking the world swimming record and the 'minute barrier'.
• 1932 – The state of São Paulo revolts against the Brazilian Federal Government, starting the Constitutionalist Revolution
• 1943 – World War II: Operation Husky – Allied forces perform an amphibious invasion of Sicily.
• 1944 – World War II: Battle of Normandy – British and Canadian forces capture Caen, France.
• 1944 – World War II: Battle of Saipan – American forces take Saipan in the Mariana Islands.
• 1944 – World War II: Battle of Tali-Ihantala – Finland wins the Battle of Tali-Ihantala, the largest battle ever fought in northern Europe. The Red Army withdraws its troops from Ihantala and digs into defensive position, thus ending the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive.
• 1955 – The Russell-Einstein Manifesto is released by Bertrand Russell in London.
• 1958 – Lituya Bay is hit by a mega-tsunami. The wave is recorded at 524 meters high, the largest in recorded history.
• 1961 – Turkish voters approve the Turkish Constitution of 1961 in a referendum.
• 1962 – The Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test is conducted by the United States of America.
• 1962 – Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans exhibition opens at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles.
• 1972 – The Troubles: In Belfast, British Army snipers shoot five civilians dead in the Springhill Massacre.
• 1979 – A car bomb destroys a Renault motor car owned by famed "Nazi hunters" Serge and Beate Klarsfeld at their home in France. A note purportedly from ODESSA claims responsibility.
• 1982 – Pan Am Flight 759 crashes in Kenner, Louisiana killing all 145 people on board and eight others on the ground.
• 1986 – The New Zealand Parliament passes the Homosexual Law Reform Act legalising homosexuality in New Zealand.
• 1995 – The Navaly church bombing is carried out by the Sri Lankan Air Force killing 125 Tamil civilian refugees.
• 1999 – Days of student protests begin after Iranian police and hardliners attack a student dormitory at the University of Tehran.
• 2006 – At least 122 people are killed after a Sibir Airlines Airbus A310 passenger jet, carrying 200 passengers veers off the runway while landing in wet conditions at Irkutsk Airport in Siberia.
• 2011 – South Sudan gains independence and secedes from Sudan.